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نقاط التميز
Abu l-Qasim Muhammad ibn
‘Abd Allāh al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
:
Muḥammad; (Mohammed, Muhammed, Mahomet) (c. 570 Mecca – June 8, 632
Medina) was the founder of the world religion of Islam and is regarded
by Muslims as the last messenger and prophet of God Muslims consider him
the restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith (islām) of
Adam, Abraham and others. They see him as the last and the greatest in a
series of prophets of Islam.[8][9][10] Muhammad is also regarded as a
prophet by the Druze and as a manifestation of God by the Bahá'í Faith.
He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator,
legislator, general and reformer.]
The principal and most credible
source of information for the life of Muhammad is the Qur'an Next in
importance are the historical works by writers of third and fourth
century of the Muslim era Sources on Muhammad’s life concur that he was
born ca. 570 CE in the city of Mecca in Arabia He was orphaned at a
young age and was brought up by his uncle, later worked mostly as a
merchant, and was married by age 26. At some point, dis*******ed with
life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for
meditation and reflection. According to Islamic tradition, it was here
at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first
revelation from God. Three years after this event, Muhammad started
preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One",
that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām)[16] is the only way (dīn)
acceptable to God, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, in
the same vein as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus, and other
prophets.
Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was largely
met with hostility from the tribes of Mecca; he was treated harshly and
so were his followers. To escape persecution, Muhammad and his followers
migrated to Medina. in the year 622. This historic event, the Hijra,
marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad managed
to unite the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with
the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to ten
thousand, conquered Mecca. In 632, a few months after returning to
Medina from his 'Farewell pilgrimage', Muhammad fell ill and died. By
the time of his death, most of Arabia had converted to Islam.
The
revelations (or Ayats, lit. Signs of God), which Muhammad reported
receiving until his death, form the verses of the Qur'an. regarded by
Muslims as the “word of God”, around which the religion is based.
Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are
also upheld by Muslims.
Figurative depictions of Muhammad were a
significant part of late medieval Islamic art; however, such depictions
were generally limited to secular contexts and to the elite classes who
could afford fine art. The taboo on depictions of Muhammad was less
stringent during the Ottoman Empire,
although his face was often
left blank
[center]
Main
articles: Historiography of early Islam and Historicity of Muhammad
From a scholarly point of view, the most credible source providing
information on events in Muhammad's life is the Qur'an. The Qur'an has
some, though very few, casual allusions to Muhammad's life. The Qur'an,
however, responds "constantly and often candidly to Muhammad's changing
historical circumstances and contains a wealth of hidden data that are
relevant to the task of the quest for the historical Muhammad. All or
most of the Qur'an was apparently written down by Muhammad's followers
while he was alive, but it was, then as now, primarily an orally related
document, and the written compilation of the whole Qur'an in its
definite form was completed early after the death of Muhammad. The
Qur'an in its actual form is generally considered by academic scholars
to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants
in Western academia has not yielded any differences of great
significance.]
Next in importance are the historical works by writers
of third and fourth century of the Muslim era. These include the
traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him
(the sira and hadith literature), which provide further information on
Muhammad's life. The earliest surviving written sira (biographies of
Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn Ishaq's Sirah Rasul Allah
(Life of God's Messenger). Although the original work is lost, portions
of it survive in the recensions of Ibn Hisham (Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Life
of the prophet) and Al-Tabari. According to Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq wrote
his biography some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death.[29] Another
early source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by al-Waqidi (death
207 of Muslim era), Maghazi al-Waqidi, and the work of his secretary
Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi (death 230 of Muslim era) Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd The
biographical dictionaries of Ali ibn al-Athir and Ibn Hajar provide much
detail about the contemporaries of Muhammad but add little to our
information about Muhammad himself. Lastly, the hadith collections,
accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad, date from
several generations after the death of Muhammad. Western academics view
the hadith collections with caution as accurate historical sources
Many,
but not all, scholars accept the accuracy of these biographies, though
their accuracy is unascertainable. Studies by J. Schacht and Goldziher
has led scholars to distinguish between the traditions touching legal
matters and the purely historical ones. According to William Montgomery
Watt, in the legal sphere it would seem that sheer invention could have
very well happened. In the historical sphere however, aside from
exceptional cases, the material may have been subject to "tendential
shaping" rather than being made out of whole cloth.
There are a few
non-Muslim sources which, according to S. A. Nigosian, confirm the
existence of Muhammad. The earliest of these sources date to shortly
after 634, and the most interesting of them date to some decades later.
These sources are valuable for corroboration of the Qur'anic and Muslim
tradition statements]
:
Muḥammad; (Mohammed, Muhammed, Mahomet) (c. 570 Mecca – June 8, 632
Medina) was the founder of the world religion of Islam and is regarded
by Muslims as the last messenger and prophet of God Muslims consider him
the restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith (islām) of
Adam, Abraham and others. They see him as the last and the greatest in a
series of prophets of Islam.[8][9][10] Muhammad is also regarded as a
prophet by the Druze and as a manifestation of God by the Bahá'í Faith.
He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator,
legislator, general and reformer.]
The principal and most credible
source of information for the life of Muhammad is the Qur'an Next in
importance are the historical works by writers of third and fourth
century of the Muslim era Sources on Muhammad’s life concur that he was
born ca. 570 CE in the city of Mecca in Arabia He was orphaned at a
young age and was brought up by his uncle, later worked mostly as a
merchant, and was married by age 26. At some point, dis*******ed with
life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for
meditation and reflection. According to Islamic tradition, it was here
at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first
revelation from God. Three years after this event, Muhammad started
preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One",
that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām)[16] is the only way (dīn)
acceptable to God, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, in
the same vein as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus, and other
prophets.
Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was largely
met with hostility from the tribes of Mecca; he was treated harshly and
so were his followers. To escape persecution, Muhammad and his followers
migrated to Medina. in the year 622. This historic event, the Hijra,
marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad managed
to unite the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with
the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to ten
thousand, conquered Mecca. In 632, a few months after returning to
Medina from his 'Farewell pilgrimage', Muhammad fell ill and died. By
the time of his death, most of Arabia had converted to Islam.
The
revelations (or Ayats, lit. Signs of God), which Muhammad reported
receiving until his death, form the verses of the Qur'an. regarded by
Muslims as the “word of God”, around which the religion is based.
Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are
also upheld by Muslims.
Figurative depictions of Muhammad were a
significant part of late medieval Islamic art; however, such depictions
were generally limited to secular contexts and to the elite classes who
could afford fine art. The taboo on depictions of Muhammad was less
stringent during the Ottoman Empire,
although his face was often
left blank
[center]
Main
articles: Historiography of early Islam and Historicity of Muhammad
From a scholarly point of view, the most credible source providing
information on events in Muhammad's life is the Qur'an. The Qur'an has
some, though very few, casual allusions to Muhammad's life. The Qur'an,
however, responds "constantly and often candidly to Muhammad's changing
historical circumstances and contains a wealth of hidden data that are
relevant to the task of the quest for the historical Muhammad. All or
most of the Qur'an was apparently written down by Muhammad's followers
while he was alive, but it was, then as now, primarily an orally related
document, and the written compilation of the whole Qur'an in its
definite form was completed early after the death of Muhammad. The
Qur'an in its actual form is generally considered by academic scholars
to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants
in Western academia has not yielded any differences of great
significance.]
Next in importance are the historical works by writers
of third and fourth century of the Muslim era. These include the
traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him
(the sira and hadith literature), which provide further information on
Muhammad's life. The earliest surviving written sira (biographies of
Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn Ishaq's Sirah Rasul Allah
(Life of God's Messenger). Although the original work is lost, portions
of it survive in the recensions of Ibn Hisham (Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, Life
of the prophet) and Al-Tabari. According to Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq wrote
his biography some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death.[29] Another
early source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by al-Waqidi (death
207 of Muslim era), Maghazi al-Waqidi, and the work of his secretary
Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi (death 230 of Muslim era) Tabaqat Ibn Sa'd The
biographical dictionaries of Ali ibn al-Athir and Ibn Hajar provide much
detail about the contemporaries of Muhammad but add little to our
information about Muhammad himself. Lastly, the hadith collections,
accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad, date from
several generations after the death of Muhammad. Western academics view
the hadith collections with caution as accurate historical sources
Many,
but not all, scholars accept the accuracy of these biographies, though
their accuracy is unascertainable. Studies by J. Schacht and Goldziher
has led scholars to distinguish between the traditions touching legal
matters and the purely historical ones. According to William Montgomery
Watt, in the legal sphere it would seem that sheer invention could have
very well happened. In the historical sphere however, aside from
exceptional cases, the material may have been subject to "tendential
shaping" rather than being made out of whole cloth.
There are a few
non-Muslim sources which, according to S. A. Nigosian, confirm the
existence of Muhammad. The earliest of these sources date to shortly
after 634, and the most interesting of them date to some decades later.
These sources are valuable for corroboration of the Qur'anic and Muslim
tradition statements]
